Into the Wild and Its Character - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1290 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/04/05 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Into The Wild Essay Did you like this example? Being exceedingly educated and greatly mannered, society uproared when they heard the story of Chris McCandless. Having a successful family background and a perfectly successful life himself, did he throw it all away for nothing? Or did he finally leave a life a life that was built for him, that he didnt want, and finally fulfill his dreams of living a life of adventure? Krakauers Into the Wild shows how Chris McCandless or Alex Supertramp influenced many others and how he vividly affected the lives around him. Chris was very privileged and had a full life ahead of him. He had recently graduated from college, was extremely educated and had healthy amounts of money. He mentioned to his parents about how he wanted to leave and how he wouldnt be back for a while, but his parents paid him no attention. As planned, he went missing and his family never heard from Christopher McCandless again. He continued his life as Alexander Supertramp and lived life to what he thought was the fullest. He made his way hitchhiking around the country, homeless, until he made it to Alaska where he died attempting to survive off the land. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Into the Wild and Its Character" essay for you Create order During his journey, he had several encounters with a variety of people worth discussion. Jan Burres, A â€Å"rubber tramp† who traveled the world selling knick-knacks at flea markets, forty-four-year-old women and in a relationship with her boyfriend Bob. Most of the people Chris made relations with were old enough to be his parents and sort of outlined the kind of parents he never had. Jan Burres and her boyfriend stopped on the side of the road where they saw Chris to consult him about their map. When they saw him using a guidebook to help him pick berries for food, Jan told Bob â€Å"Man, we got to take this kid with us. You need to school him about some things† (Krakauer 30). They took him in and he camped with them for about a week, and went with them on to their next flea market. Alex or Chris was around the same age as her son that she’d been disconnected with for multiple years now, furthering the point that she felt about him as a son like figure. He fel t considerably more comfortable with Jan and Bob than his parents. Maybe its because he felt discluded from his biological family because he didnt want what they wanted and Bob and Jan didnt care about what you had, but who you were. He built relationships without discussion like a relationship with family because when you’re family, you dont discuss it, you just are. That may be why when Ronald Franz, another character in the story, offers to adopt Chris, and Chris delays answering him, which leads us to Franz. Ronald Franz, like most, encountered Chris by picking him up as a hitchhiker. Franz became so attached to Chris by the death of his own son that he asked Chris to be his adopted grandson to continue his family since he was at the end of his rope. He cared for the boy and was always trying to persuade Chris to obtain a job, and live a non-fatal life but as always, Chris declined. Chris lectured Franz about how dull his life was and how he should take initiative and live on the edge a little bit because, in his opinion, that was the best life to live. The people he imitated most were authors he’d never met and lived lives of survivalists as well. He valued life experiences and deemed laws and technology worthless, which caused him to burn/ donate his money reasoning it corruptive. Whenever he told people of his crazy plan, which he came up with by reading The Call of the Wild by author Jack London, they would try to give him resources to help him, but of course, he refused. When Franz heard of Chris’s death, he relapsed into his history of alcoholism and took into account a letter Chris had written before he died. Franz packed most of his stuff into a storage locker and moved to the campsite Chris had previously occupied and started from there. In Chris’s letter, he wrote: Make a radical change in your lifestyle and begin to boldly do things which you may previously never have thought of doing, or been too hesitant to attempt. So many people live within unhappy circumstances and yet will not take the initiative to change their situation because they are conditioned to a life of security, conformity, and conservation, all of which may appear to give one peace of mind, but in reality nothing is more damaging to the adventurous spirit within a man than a secure future. The very basic core of a mans living spirit is his passion for adventure. The joy of life comes from our encounters with new experiences, and hence there is no greater joy than to have an endlessly changing horizon, for each day to have a new and different sun. If you want to get more out of life, you must lose your inclination for monotonous security and adopt a helter-skelter style of life that will at first appear to you to be crazy. But once you becom e accustomed to such a life you will see its full meaning and its incredible beauty (Krakauer 56-57). Westerberg picked up McCandless, once again, as a hitchhiker. Just from observing the boy, he knew something was different about him and offered him food and a place to stay for a couple night before offering him a job. McCandless took the offer and ended up growing close to Westerberg and his employees. â€Å"If McCandless felt estranged from his parents and siblings, he found a surrogate family in Westerberg and his employees† (16). Westerberg stated in Into the Wild by Krakauer that Chris just â€Å"Conveyed a vulnerability that made Westerberg want to take the kid under his wing† (Krakauer 16). It was obvious to Westerberg that Chris was very intelligent. He had a huge vocabulary and loved to read. It was strange to Westerberg how hard-working Chris was because the typical hitchhikers he offered jobs to didnt do much and didnt really want to be working for him anyway. Chris was mannered and pleasant to be around as well. Something not typical for your homeless person. Your average homeless person didnt want to be homeless and had a reason to be. Chris, on the other hand, was a different story. Chris left such an impact on the people he met throughout the book Into the Wild by Krakauer because he was happy. He was happy with what he was doing and he was unstoppable. A real inspiration because of his dedication. He had a dream and he fulfilled his dream, even if it meant he died in the process. Not only d id this impact the people he met, but he was a genuine guy, and pleasant to be around, the complete opposite of what youd expect from a homeless hitchhiker. Not only did his personality and morals impact the lives around him, but the fact that nobody knows his background or where he came from made people curious. The fact that he wasnt trying to abide to societies rules and just wanted to be free, and expressed himself of that freely too, especially at his age. His strange ways of refusing technology and the help of other people. He also impacted these lives because he was so young. The whole story was breathtaking and interesting and impacted even more lives when it hit the newspaper and media. The story of Chris McCandless or Alex Supertramp vividly affected the lives around him and influenced many others.

The History of the Piano Essay - 1788 Words

The History of the Piano The piano has seen many sights and has been a part of countless important events in the past and present, and is said to have dominated music for the past 200 years (Welton). Throughout history, inventions come along that take art away from princes and give it the people (Swan 41). Not unlike the printing press, the piano made what was once intangible possible: the poorest of peasants could enjoy the same music that their beloved rulers did. The piano can be played by the rankest of amateurs, and the greatest of virtuosos (Swan 41); so even if a person is not very intelligent, a simple tune can easily be learned. In addition to being a key factor in almost all western music styles, the†¦show more content†¦However, the harpsichord was limited to one, unvarying volume. Its softness and loudness remained the same while playing. Therefore, performing artists could not achieve the degree of musical expression of most other instruments. The artistic desire for more controlled expression led directly to the invention of the piano, on which the artist could alter the loudness and tone with the force of his/her fingers (129). The first piano appeared in Italy sometime around 1693, originally named the gravicembolo col piano e forte (the harpsichord with loud and soft). An Italian harpsichord-maker named Bartolomeo Cristofori replaced harpsichords jacks with leather covered hammers, activated by a remarkable mechanical system (Hollis 51). Where the harpsichord could only make a string produce one sound, the new piano could be played loud or soft, make dynamic accents, and could produce gradations of sounds (52). Even though this new invention attracted little attention at the time (because of the existing popularity of the harpsichord), the piano would captivate the world in the years to come. Cristofori made only two pianos before he died in 1731, but an article was written about the new invention, and the article made its way to Germany. There, an organ-builder named Gottfried Silbermann read the article and became fascinated with the idea of a modified harpsichord (Hollis 54). Additionally, Silbermann hadShow MoreRelatedThe History of the Piano Essay1720 Words   |  7 PagesThe piano, created by Bartolomeo Christofori in 1709, has impacted our society by becoming a popular instrument and a popular medium for musicians to create musical masterpieces. Also called the pianoforte, the piano is one of the most beautiful sounding instruments that can range in sound from as low as a gust of wind, to as high as the shrill sound of a bird. It has evolved over time and become an amazing instrument. The piano was accepted very well in history and it has generated many changesRead MoreHistory Is the Piano Essay1914 Words   |  8 PagesH The Piano Prepared By: Maria Darbinian Prepared For: Professor Daniel Moser Introduction to Humanities DeVry University Online In the 1700’s the piano was invented by Bartolomeo Cristofori in Florence, Italy first introduced to the world as the pianoforte meaning â€Å"Soft loud†. â€Å"In the last quarter of the 18th century the piano had become the leading instrument of the western art of music that still lives on till today as an exotic instrument played by talented people in theRead MoreThe History of the Modern Piano1200 Words   |  5 PagesThe History of the Modern Piano Pianos have been around for about three millenniums, and have been redesigned hundreds- if not thousands of times! What has kept this instrument, this form of expressing deep feeling, so entwined with its owner and all those who hear it? The piano has been around for such a lengthy period of time that it is described to have an epoch, or an age, which represents its climb into fame and ends just before the current ‘depression’ it’s going through. This is known asRead More The History of the Piano Essay1356 Words   |  6 PagesThe History of the Piano The history of the piano, and his technique born, of course in close relation with the others keyboard instruments especially with the clavichord, his predecessor. The transition from the clavichord to the piano bring to us very interesting information about piano technique and the problems that the musician from that time had to confront. The piano technique, the works for piano, the composers, recitals, auditions and all around the piano history have absolute relationRead MoreA Brief History of Piano Greats and Jazz Essay1426 Words   |  6 PagesA Brief History of Piano Greats and Jazz The piano has been a pivotal instrument throughout the development of jazz music. Starting with ragtime, which developed out of classical music, all the way to modern jazz the piano has been a foundational instrument upon which many styles have been built. This is a result of the versatility of the instrument, as it has the ability to play accompaniment, rhythm, and solo improvisation simultaneously. Throughout the course of jazz history many musicians haveRead MoreThe Piano Lesson, By August Wilson1054 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Piano Lesson, by August Wilson, Berniece struggles with her personal connection with the piano. Her families past reveal her relationship with the piano. The piano meant a lot of things to a lot of different people over the years. The piano is a complex and multilayers symbol; its meanings are both personal and political. For example, Berniece was affected by the piano positively and negatively. She had a sentimental connection with it and never wanted to get rid of it. But the piano had aRead MoreSummary Of The Piano Lesson 1750 Words   |  7 PagesIn August Wilson’s The Piano Lesson, there are multiple characters that struggle with things that happened in the past. Bernice Charles is often shown fighting with her brother, Boy Willie, over selling the piano that has carvings of their family’s history, which is very valuable to her. Another thing Bernice fights is her family’s history as slaves and this is shown through her daughter’s lack of knowledge of her family’s history. She says she does this to keep her daughter safe because those whoRead MoreEssay about Analysis: The Piano Lesson by August Wilson1735 Words   |  7 Pages August Wilson’s The Piano Lesson, tells a story of a family haunted by the pain of their past and their struggle to find peace to move forward. The story begins with character Boy Willie coming up from the south visiting his sister Bernice. Boy Willie introdu ces the idea of selling the family’s heirloom, a piano, to raise enough money to buy the land on which his ancestors were enslaved. However, both Boy Willie and his sister Berniece own half a half of the piano and she refuses to let Boy WillieRead MoreEssay on Symbolism in August Wilsons Piano Lesson1006 Words   |  5 Pages In The Piano Lesson each central character learns a lesson. August Wilson uses plenty of symbolism throughout his play, the strongest symbol being the piano itself, representing the familys history, their long struggle, and their burden of their race. Throughout the play, the conflict revolves around the piano, and Berniece and Boy Willies contrasting views about its significance and about what should be done with it. Berniece is ashamed and cannot let go of the past, or the piano, and Boy WillieRead MoreSummary Of The Piano Lesson Essay1733 Words   |  7 Pages In August Wilson’s, The Piano Lesson, there are multiple characters that struggle with things that happened in the past. The character Bernice Charles is often shown fighting with her brother over selling the piano that has carvings of their family’s history, which seems to be very valuable to Bernice. Another thing Bernice fights is her family’s history and this is shown through her daughter’s lack of knowledge of her family’s history. She says she does this to keep her daughter safe because

Global Warming Satir Free Essays

Global warming is a blessing. I had to do a research paper for my oceanography class about global warming. As I was doing my research, I realized global warming is not a problem at all. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Warming Satir or any similar topic only for you Order Now Everyone talks about global warming as a problem and how is it going to be a struggle for us to solve it. I see the opposite of that. I think global warming is a big beneficial for mankind in many ways. The earth is going to warm up including people, carbon dioxide will increase, ocean levels will rise and the economy will increase too. As the earth is warming and the weather is always warm, people will not need to heat their house and their heating bills with decrease which saves them money. One study said that warmer winters could save up to 40,000 lives a year in the United States alone, which means less people will die of the cause of cold weather diseases. This also means the cost of health care will also decrease. The carbon dioxide will increase which is great, because plant growth will increase. Increasing in plant growth mean decreasing in the price of food. It also means there will be enough food for everyone and we are going to solve one of the biggest problems which is world hunger. Ending of world hunger means less skinny people will be seen in the world. I have always dreamed to live next to the beach, now with the global warming, my dream will come true. The rise of ocean level due to the melting of icebergs will make the beach closer to home, especially because I live far from the beach. This is a great benefit not only for me, but for everyone that lives far from the beach. Every morning, opening the windows, looking at a beautiful view of the beach, this is marvelous. Without icebergs in the way, the Arctic Ocean would be completely open, creating a new trade route from the Atlantic to Asia. Traveling tickets are always expensive in summer, but global warming could make fall and winter warmer, which means people will not need to travel only in summer and traveling tickets are less expensive. People who have houses next to the beach will have an increase of property value. All that will boom the economy, so there will be no more poor countries. Global warming should be seen as an advantage not as a problem. People should stop complaining about how dangerous is. With the decrease of people dying, the increase of plant growth, beaches close to home and the new trade route from the Atlantic to Asia everyone with should think global warming is a blessing. How to cite Global Warming Satir, Essay examples

Military Health System Health Care Organisation

Question: Discuss about the Military Health System for Health Care Organisation. Answer: Introduction Leadership is a key to address the many challenges that a complex health care system faces. Leadership in a health care organisation is an effort to enhance the safety and quality of patient care (Gholami et al., 2013). The prime focus of this report is leadership role in military health care services. A leader requires enterprise knowledge, leadership experience, management and expertise among other competencies. The leaders should be able to implement a range of best practice strategies (Weberg, 2012). The purpose of this report is to conduct an interview of a person working in a leadership role in a military healthcare service and provide the information provided in a comprehensive manner. The report aims to identify the leadership traits and characteristics of the person interviewed and to gain some insight as to how they may have been developed or shaped in their career. The report contains a methodology section which includes the detail of leadership role, military healthcare s ervices, how interview was carried out, and reference to the questions used. In the result section the report presents the main outcomes from the interview. In the discussion section, the report discusses the outcomes from the interview and its relationship to the literature. The main outcomes from the interview are summarised as conclusion. Methodology A qualitative research design is used to conduct a semi-structured interview. This method is justified because this method allows defining the areas to be explored. It helps the interviewer and the respondents to diverge for pursuing an idea or responding in more detail (Doody Noonan, 2013). This method offers flexibility to discover or elaborate information necessary to the interviewee which was previously not thought of as pertinent by the interviewer. Since the purpose of the report is to explore the respondents leadership views, experience, motivations, beliefs, this qualitative method is appropriate. The interviewee is the head of medical strategy and policy at Headquarters Surgeon General, Defence Medical Services Singapore. Due to ethical consideration, the name of the interviewee is withheld. The respondent is a trained general practioners and occupational physician. Presently he supports the trainees and the medical students through his work with the faculty of medical management and leadership. The interview questions are designed in an open ended format, to meet the following objectives To know the leadership trait and characteristics of the respondent To know what attributes do a leader of military health care needs To understand how a military health care leader develop their traits and characteristics To know what factors have affected the leader to develop these traits To identify in what way do military clinicians influence the health care decisions of leaders The interview question format is designed in a simple and understandable format such that it meets the aim and objectives of the interview. The interview is designed to last for 1 hour. Prior to conducting the interview, the respondent is informed about the study details, consent is taken and is assured of the ethical principles such as confidentiality and anonymity of the collected information (Bryman, 2015). The information provided by the respondent is tape-recorded. What has stimulated your leadership interest? The respondents leadership interest was developed since school days. As a child he was always encouraged to feel part of a wider family with shared values. The respondent said, I have always taken part in community service and other activities that promoted initiative and teamwork. This probably laid a good foundation for the leadership skills developed during his career. He has received several opportunities during initial years of university which has stimulated his leadership interest. What are the attributes do a leader of military health care needs? The respondent believes that one should have capability to manage and human and financial resources as well as have strong enterprise knowledge. How did you develop your own leadership skills? Prior to the medical school the interviewee has spent a year as a junior officer in the infantry. During this period, the respondent has learned that the role as a team leader has to be earned and that in most part of the life delivering results is about teamwork. Further, the respondent told that in an army the culture and ethos are build and maintained by laying emphasis on the significance of team. In an army team all the members are treated as a family which again refers to the shared values. According to the respondent, there are many ways to develop leadership skills at undergraduate level. After conducting the raising and giving week in his university did the interviewee become the Students Union president. The interviewee said, this opportunity has exposed me to curriculum development and other issues. His leadership skills were developed when he was in charge of an infantry platoon in initial years of university. He has received training as general practitioner during which he has drawn military experience where he had to contribute to the management of the practice. This helped him develop the managerial and leadership skills. Further, the system of rewards, incentives and provision of leader development programs helped him develop both management and leadership skills. What is your preferred leadership style? The interviewee prefers and practices transformational leadership style. What traits and characteristics you have in your leadership style? The respondent informed about certain traits that have helped him in his leadership activities. This includes willingness to take responsibility of his decisions, effective communication skills, mental stability, a sense of purpose, friendliness, and adaptability to any situation, technical mastery, affection, ambition, faith in self and God, ability to influence others, strategic planning and persistence. He told that he had developed some of these traits before entering into medical school while he has developed other traits as he came across different situations in professional life. What factors (personality, situational, learned) influenced, affected and emerged these leadership traits and characteristics? The respondent said that for a general practioner there is a definitive need of leadership when practicing as GP. His leadership traits emerged as he kept on receiving new opportunities during his medical school, when placed as a lead for medical support in South Afghanistan and when coordinated support to all the NATO (North Atlantic Treaty organization) operations. The later also includes the operations for countrys mission, counter piracy operations and intervention in Libya. In what way did the military clinicians influence the health care related decisions? Clinicians have initiated and implemented enhanced clinical practice which has improved the clinical care of casualties on operations in the military health care service. According to the interviewee this was possible because of exposing the evidence of the efficacy of the improved outcomes. In his opinion, leadership role is significant where it is necessary to influence the clinicians for leadership and making effective changes to patient care. By practicing the influencing skills and developing it through mentoring and coaching it was possible to develop leadership. What is your experience of strategic healthcare leader? The respondent said that he was leader for medical support in South Africa. There he had to coordinate the efforts of combat operations with other staffs of medical and aviation for preventing illness. There he had to evacuate the severely injured people from the field and provide treatment services and evacuate them from the country. He had an experience of the strategic healthcare when he was engaged in the development of the South Afghanistans health sector. He was appointed as allied command operations medical adviser. Here he had to coordinate support to all the operations for countrys mission and counter piracy operations. What benefits did your leadership style bring to medicine? His leadership style including understanding the next level up in the organisation (and indeed the broader aim of the undertaking.) has led to success in the military operations and this leadership approach based on the effect has clear lessons for medicines. The improvement in the quality of the patient care was possible as it eliminated the method of giving orders and imposing unnecessary control. Are there aspects of leadership traits and characteristics you think leading in the health care environment are important? According to the respondent, the real military leadership style involves constant concern for welfare of others in command and achieves a common goal using teamwork considering the ethical principles. This approach is essential and includes delivering health care in all settings. Discussions Based on the above interview and thorough literature review it is evident that the desirable characteristics of military health care leaders involve a combination of good experience and knowledge in enterprise knowledge, leadership and management (Gholami et al., 2012). According to Sollinger, (2011) the health care leaders need to have the ability to manage financial, information and human resources. Soft skills such as communication and interpersonal skills are as important as hard skills. Managing financial resources includes monitoring financial resources, asset management, and budgeting. The trait, or attribute theory has set certain traits necessary to be an effective leader such as intelligence, originality, ambition, integrity, faith, persistence, and affection. However, the drawback of this theory is that it does not differentiate between the traits required to acquire leadership skills and those required to maintain it (Giltinane, 2013). Cooke, (2016) stated that the leader ship skills are important as the managerial skills. The core leadership competencies include ability to willingness to seek innovative approaches, strategic thinking and planning, creativity, adaptability, flexibility, and ability to influence a movement towards envisioned future change. Having enterprise knowledge includes competencies that demonstrate system level thinking. These are the strengthening abilities to work in complex health care settings. As per the interviewee the military health leaders operate under complex environment whereas, the medical leaders have more opportunities to practice leadership. However, the medical leaders have tremendous pressure while performing in clinical specialities. Military health care faces additional pressure during war time. Leadership in business environment is less complicated compared to the military health care as health crisis change time to time (Kumar, 2013). According to Sollinger, (2011) many military health leaders believe that informal system compared to formal assessment is in identifying potential leaders. Based on the views of the interviewee and that of Weberg, (2012) most physicians develop leadership skills later in their career due to which they lack management skills. Organisation also plays a great role in leadership development. Sollinger, (2011) discussed the living competency model. As per early genetic theory it was believed earlier that effective leadership skill s are inherited and cannot be cultivated by those outside the families. In modern century it has lost its ground (Giltinane, 2013). The organisation should be able to provide training and leader development programs, incentives and rewards, feedback and evaluation for health care professionals. This model refers to organisational goals and strategic plan with which an organisation helps it leaders to develop. It includes recruiting exactly the type of leaders wanted and their further training, mentoring, cross functional and development. Transformational leadership style is effective in influencing others and moves towards the shared goals. It helps in developing quality environment. This leadership has extraordinary impact on the nurses, trainees and allows the leaders to achieve uncertain goals and performance targets in complex medical environments (Avolio Yammarino, 2013). This leadership style has been found effective in improving organisational performance. It offers various practical solutions and has led to quality management in public hospitals. As per the literature review and the interview the traits common in effective leaders are good communications skills, intelligence, and sensitivity to group needs may it be any professional environment (Alharbi Yusoff, 2012). Further, being an effective leader is attributed to individuals characteristics and the functional situation. This is also called contingency theory. As per the followers theory, juniors and subordinates follow their leaders if their traits ar e influential, and have functional relationship with the members of the groups (Giltinane, 2013). Conclusion The report identified the leadership traits, attributes and styles effective for military health care based on the interview outcomes as well as literature review. The report hopes that these findings will contribute to the body of knowledge and understanding of the leadership roles complex military health care setting. It also contributes to the understanding of the leadership traits, characteristics and aspects important for leading health care environment and what factors leads to emergence of these characteristics. Overall, it can be concluded that the leadership in military health care is complex when compared to non-military health care setting. References Alharbi, M., Yusoff, R. Z. (2012). Leadership styles, and their relationship with quality management practices in public hospitals in Saudi Arabia.International Journal of Economics Management Sciences,1(10), 59-67. Avolio, B. J., Yammarino, F. J. (Eds.). (2013).Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead. Emerald Group Publishing. Barr, J., Dowding, L. (2015).Leadership in health care. Sage. Bryman, A. (2015).Social research methods. Oxford university press. Cooke, M. (2016). TeamSTEPPS for health care risk managers: Improving teamwork and communication.Journal of Healthcare Risk Management,36(1), 35-45. Doody, O., Noonan, M. (2013). Preparing and conducting interviews to collect data.Nurse Researcher,20(5), 28-32. Gholami Fesharaki, M., Aghamiri, Z., Mohamadian, M. (2013). Effect of manager leadership behavior and demographical factors on job satisfaction of military healthcare personnel.Journal Mil Med,15(1), 37-42. Gholami Fesharaki, M., Aghamiri, Z., Mohamadian, M. (2013). Effect of manager leadership behavior and demographical factors on job satisfaction of military healthcare personnel.Journal Mil Med,15(1), 37-42. Gholami Fesharaki, M., Talebiyan, D., Aghamiri, Z., Mohammadian, M. (2012). Reliability and validity of Job Satisfaction Survey questionnaire in military health care workers.Journal Mil Med,13(4), 241-246. Giltinane, C. L. (2013). Leadership styles and theories.Nursing Standard,27(41), 35-39. Kumar, R. D. (2013). Leadership in healthcare.Anaesthesia Intensive Care Medicine,14(1), 39-41. Sollinger, J. M. (2011).Developing Custodians of Care: Military Medical Leadership. RAND CORP SANTA MONICA CA CENTER FOR MILITARY HEALTH POLICY RESEARCH. Weberg, D. (2012, October). Complexity leadership: A healthcare imperative. InNursing forum(Vol. 47, No. 4, pp. 268-277).